We like to think that newer ideas are always better and indoor plumbing may be one newer idea that should be reconsidered in the developing world, according to Michigan researchers.
Clean water scarcity is not as critical an issue as often thought say Michigan Technological University Associate Professor David Watkins, Professor James Mihelcic and PhD student Lauren Fry of the University's Sustainable Futures Institute. But installing water-guzzling appliances such as toilets can actually promote unsanitary conditions when the effluent is discharged untreated into once-clean rivers and streams.
Instead, a properly built latrine keeps sewage safely separate from drinking water. Diseases such as dysentery attack millions of people every year, often fatally, largely as a result of poor sanitation.
"Our challenge has been to look at what interventions make the most difference," Watkins said. Their findings show that small changes can be more important in preserving health than big engineering projects, a fact that Watkins, an engineer, relates with some consternation. "As engineers, we like to build stuff. But handwashing is really important, too," he said. "Even a simple thing like not dipping your hand into the water pot can make a big difference."
Getting people to change their habits can be harder than building infrastructure, however.
"They may not understand the science, and because it is about parasites and bacteria that they can't see, they may not recognize the risks," Watkins said. The resulting lack of political pressure means that money that could go toward improving sanitation and hygiene is spent on other projects.
The Michigan Tech team, all of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, undertook the study to determine why some regions, especially sub-Saharan Africa, are not making progress toward one target of the United Nations' seventh Millennium Development Goal, to halve the proportion of the world's population without basic sanitation access by 2015. Graduate student Fry, the lead author of the article, recently completed a Peace Corps Master's in Environmental Engineering, after serving as a volunteer in Cameroon, and is now pursing a doctorate in environmental engineering.
Article: Lauren M. Fry, James R. Mihelcic, and David W. Watkins, 'Water and Nonwater-related Challenges of Achieving Global Sanitation Coverage', Environ. Sci. Technol., 42 (12), 4298–4304, 2008. 10.1021/es7025856
