Banner
By Gerhard Adam | August 31st 2009 02:33 PM | 8 comments | Print | E-mail | Track Comments
About Gerhard

I'm not big on writing things about myself so a friend on this site (Brian Taylor) opted to put a few sentences together: Hopefully I'll be able...

View Gerhard's Profile
A recent article on LiveScience asks "What Makes a Psychopath?  Answers Remain Elusive".  While the paper focuses on various aspects of brain function in determining what makes a psychopath, there is another more philosophical question that can be asked.

When we consider the questions of "individualism" and "collectivism", or for less politically charged words, the idea of social animals (including humans).  It brings into certain focus the question of the role that natural selection may play in predisposing individuals to be cooperative or not.

In fact, this may well point to a genetic basis for "cooperation" where those animals that benefit from it will tend to foster higher degrees of cooperation in offspring, whereas those where this is minimal or no benefit may tend towards completely "individualistic" tendencies.  This also doesn't preclude such values from being taught by parents, but the predisposition to one or the other would be innate.

Cooperation requires that individuals be willing to put group benefits ahead of their own.  Not  in the slave-like robotic sense that some want to portray, but rather in recognizing that there is a greater benefit to be accrued in getting along than in confrontation.  This doesn't negate acting in a self-interested fashion, but it does provide a counter-weight to exclusive self-interest.

Other animals have evolved to be completely individualistic to the point where many male/female relationships don't even exist except for the short duration of reproduction.  In those cases, animals tend to behave in a completely isolated fashion with no interest other than their own activities.

I would suggest that psychopaths fit into the latter category and, as such, represent an anomaly of human behavior.  It becomes pointless to question why they behave as they do, as it would be pointless to question why a grizzly bear behaves the way it does.  It is simply acting in a manner that precludes consideration for anything else, since there is no "social" connection.  In other words, the psychopath isn't behaving abnormally if one considers that they are simply asocial (as our grizzly bear example).

It represents the boundary between social and asocial where each animal's behavior must be interpreted within the context of it's society, or lack thereof.  Similarly, the psychopath becomes dangerous because they represent the "defector" in game theory that is capable of cheating in a group of "altruists".  They simply lack the ability to consider others interests.

The following statement illustrates exactly the type of differentiating one would expect in animals that must operate alone versus those that have social mates they can count on for assistance.

(From the article)
"One brain region less active in psychopaths is the amygdala, which is normally linked with fear."


If this connection between social versus asocial animals is plausible, then instead of studying psychopaths, it may be reasonable to study these animal groups to determine whether there are different brain pathways that are operative to give rise to their respective behaviors.  

Comments

Gerhard? Have you read your own writing? Do you not see your many expressed false beliefs inculcated into your mind by those who thrive on manipulating collectivism?

You write: "Cooperation requires that individuals be willing to put group benefits ahead of their own."

TRUTH: Cooperation happens between individuals, only, ever, whether those individualsinteract within the context of a group and thus group dynamics or interact one-on-one.

You write: "When we consider ... "individualism" and "collectivism", or for less politically charged words ..."

TRUTH: Individualism and collectivism are doctrines, thus ways of living, specifically related to politics. Individualism means living by the individual as self-sovereign, self-owning, owning one's one output. Collectivism means living by collectivizing the output of individuals to satisfy the wants of those holding power of the collectivist group.

You ought to do some adult reading. Try Plato's Republic so you can learn all about that eugenicist scumbag collectivist and how he championed collectivists like his two sellout uncles, who were among the 30 tyrants.

From you writing, the world can see that you have been brainwashed, indoctrinated and conditioned to accept false beliefs and spew the rhetoric of Collectivists. No doubt your brainwashing and re-programming happened in church, at the Church of Academia.

Gerhard Adam
Individualism means living by the individual as self-sovereign, self-owning, owning one's one output.

There isn't a single aspect of your life that satisfies any of the three criteria you've laid out (and I can make that claim without even knowing you).

Gerhard, Before you take up reading Plato's Republic to learn about collectivism, you ought to take some remedial coursework in reading comprehension, specifically as it related to English.

No where in my original reply did I specify "three criteria" as you purport.

Face truth. You're clueless. Like many, you have no idea about the concepts that the words individualism and collectivism label. Yet like far too many, you babble forth, saying and writing with such words as if you have knowing.

Get back to us when you get up to speed on English and Plato.

After you get done with those, learn about rhetoric and rhetorical devices, including bogus ploys.

Gerhard Adam
Sorry, but the more vehement your response, the weaker your position looks.

You amuse, Gerhard.

The more you decree things, the more you look every bit of the fool that you are. Thanks for the laugh.

kerrjac
Psychopathy (aka being antisocial) is an intriguing construct.

Psychopaths, similar to purely asocial creatures, are often conceptualized as completely lacking empathy. Autism and Asperger's spectrum disorders likewise involve a lack of empathy. I would equate "asocial" more to autism than to psychopaths.

There is something much more malicious about psychopaths. It's not just a lack of empathy, but the desire to actively manipulate humans through charm and lies, often for the sake of self-benefit, but sometimes just for the sake of it. The lack of empathy is used like a springboard to take action that no one else would dare to do. Think Machiavelli's The Prince. It involves a number of other distinct personality traits as well (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder#Symptoms).

There's an interesting evolutionary take on it, whereby it's thought that humans produce just enough psychopaths for the few that there are to feast upon their unbeknownest hosts. If society produced a greater number, it's thought, then everyone would be aware of them and they wouldn't fall prey to their attacks.

The evolutionary line of thought comes from Trivers or Dawkins (or someone similar) working on reciprocal altruism. Psychopaths are an anomaly, but their actions fit perfectly like a key in the as the ideal way to take advantage of people, be them strangers or loved ones.

In this sense, "asocial" doesn't completely describe them, as they're anything but indifferent to the humans around them. On the contrary, they have the perfect tools to manipulate and exploit them.

Additional food for thought, other mental conditions (some tangential to "asocial" ones) maybe related to antisocial personalities, and there is a strong gender component as well with antisocial personality being more common in men. Childhood ADHD in particular, also more common among men, is very often a prerequisite to becoming antisocial (but of course, only a tiny fraction of those with ADHD actually do so). In general, childhood mental disorders that are thought to be more neurobiological (as opposed to emotional) are also more common in boys than girls, including ADHD, autism, OCD, tic disorders, all have a strong but not absolute genetic predisposition risk factor. Other risk factors for becoming antisocial include being raised in poor conditions and child abuse. What may tie many of these factors together is an asocial disposition towards a lack of empathy (again which would be rarer among women). In sum, lack of empathy is probably a necessary but insufficient condition for psychopathy. (Other factors unrelated to psychopathy that may produce asocial behavior in men maybe immune related, signaling to potential mates that the guy's unhealthy.)

I've always thought that if you tie the above risk factors into the evolution-based antisocial theory, then you could have a pretty decent theory covering certain pediatric mental disorders, their genetic components,  and social cooperation: The idea being that society only produces a small percent of children who - to varying degrees, and manifested in qualitatively different manners - lack empathy. Among this small group, some percent are bound to become antisocial. However, who becomes antisocial, and perhaps the total percent of people who do, may depend on broader factors, like the degree to which, in a child lagging in empathy, certain antisocial factors are implicitly reinforced. These developmental factors may then double-back and reflect the degree to which a society can support more or less antisocials. For example, small tight-knit tribal living makes it hard for psychopaths to thrive, and thus likely produce less of them; in a similar manner, growing up in a small tight-knit community/family where everyone takes care of each other may likewise reduce the chances whereby someone who lacks empathy will become antisocial.

Gerhard Adam
I used "asocial" to designate an individual that had no social sense or conscience at all.  I'm not sure what "anti-social" means because it would suggest someone that is intentionally against social interactions, rather than that they simply possess no such connections.

There is something much more malicious about psychopaths. It's not just
a lack of empathy, but the desire to actively manipulate humans through
charm and lies, often for the sake of self-benefit, but sometimes just
for the sake of it.

While I can understand the psychological classification, from a biological perspective it makes little sense that there is an "anti-" anything.  You either connect socially or you don't.

Regardless of how it actually manifests, it seems clear that any individual that doesn't share a social conscience or social values, is capable of performing actions that are considered unacceptable. 

When this gets blended into the nature/nurture discussion, there seems little doubt that it may manifest with terrible implications.  Coupled with human intelligence, it isn't surprising at all that manipulation would be the hallmark of may psychopathic behaviors.  After all, humans have used that intellect for millenia to dominate animals much larger than themselves, so it seems quite plausible that this is a regular "tool" that can be exploited by the psychopath to advance their objectives.

Unfortunately, I suspect that the most extreme psychopaths, like serial killers, tend to gain all the attention and thereby create the implication that it is even more outrageous than normal.  But as evidenced by the recent Jaycee abduction,  I believe many more psychopaths exist that will operate "below the radar" and never be noticed.

As of late, I have been diving into the arena of psychopathy/sociopathy. After reading the text, "Mask of Sanity", an idea crossed my mind. Keeping in mind that the amygdala, which processes the "fight or flight" response in the human brain, has shown far less activity in a psychopath than of a mentally heathy human being, I considered (however outlandish it may be!) that, perhaps, these could be the missing links- the link between Cro-Magnon and Human....? Could Cro-Magnon, which, many scientists say did not possess the emotional responses that Humans exhibit, be a distant relative to psychopaths? Crazy, most likely, but just a thought....

Add a comment

The content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly.
  • Allowed HTML tags: <sup> <sub> <a> <em> <strong> <center> <cite> <code> <TH><ul> <ol> <li> <dl> <dt> <dd> <img> <br> <p> <blockquote> <strike> <object> <param> <embed> <del> <pre> <b> <i> <table> <tbody> <div> <tr> <td> <h1> <h2> <h3> <h4> <h5> <h6> <hr> <iframe>
  • Lines and paragraphs break automatically.
  • Web page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically.
CAPTCHA
If you register, you will never be bothered to prove you are human again. And you get a real editor toolbar to use instead of this HTML thing that wards off spam bots.