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By Laurence Arnold | April 8th 2009 11:36 AM | 11 comments | Print | E-mail | Track Comments
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More Ethical Autism Research articles

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About Laurence Arnold

My primary field is in educational perspectives of autism, which is informed by a multidisciplinary approach, drawing from cognitive psychology and neuroscience on the one hand to cultural and disability... Full Bio


Welcome to my new blog, which stands somewhere between the hurly burly of my personal blog and the quiet backwater of my academic blog.

Why this blog?

I currently have a book in preparation, on this topic, which is proceeding alongside my research, and I want this blog to become a public reflection of that, helping me to focus my ideas, and also for me to share my avenues of thinking.

It has concerned me for sometime, that knowledge for knowledge sake is not always a good thing if it is pursued without regard either to the consequences of the research for public policy, or the consequences of the research to the ‘stakeholder’ group either as recipients of that public policy or as the actual ‘subjects’ of the research itself.

There is a long history of unethical medical research, both in totalitarian states and sadly in democracies too, and there is an even longer history of research being carried out as if the subjects of that research are merely there to fulfil the researchers careers or curiosity.

As someone who has been a research participant and also someone who consumes the literature, a lot of it has made me very uneasy, when I have seen the terms in which my ‘kind’ have been described.

A classical example of a mainstream, popular, and acclaimed scientist who has stepped out of his own field to treat us with apparent calumny is Stephen Pinker, who in his popular book “The Blank Slate” (Penguin London 2002) states:
“Autism is an innate neurological condition with strong genetic roots. Together with robots and chimpanzees. people with autism remind us that cultural learning is possible only because neurologically normal people have innate equipment to accomplish it.”

I have covered this particular instance before and so has Morton Gernsbacher in this article “The True Meaning of Research Participation”  redeeming the image of the humane scientist thereby.
Perhaps it is not all Stephen Pinker’s fault because he has been at the receiving end of a lot of bad theory and research. My being able to write this blog neither as chimpanzee or robot, but as fully human ‘autist’ abolishes the notion that our thought patterns are of lesser consequence and validity than ‘neuro typicals’
It is little wonder that I felt impelled during last years IMFAR conference to ask keynote speaker Geraldine Dawson, why so much of the research being showcased at that event spoke of “autistic subjects and healthy controls” implying that we are 'diseased'. For this I was vilified by a member of the audience who I shall on this occasion refrain from naming.

I do have other concerns about where the majority of the expenditure on autism research is going, and the extent to which the pragmatic aspects of autism are being ignored, to the point that there are very few evidence based interventions, and those that have been visited have hardly been researched in the best traditions of properly controlled trials and peer review. Qv. fellow autistic researcher Michelle Dawson, on the misbehaviour of behaviourists.

Whilst I frequently disagree with Ms Dawson on what does and does not constitute autism ‘advocacy’ and the degree to which her branch of the science is or is not contributing to an ethically based construct of autism, my home institution shares her scepticism with regard behaviourally based interventions and the acceptability and accuracy of the science behind them to the extent that it is actually hard for me to find journals on that perspective.

I also share with Ms Dawson the view that we need to treated with respect by the research community, and that we as diagnosed individuals have as much right and indeed competence to be researching in the field as anyone else who has proved their academic credentials.

So here goes:

These are the ground rules for comment. There is no room for the “oh yes it is, oh no it isn’t” school of pantomime banter one gets from hard core fanatics with sundry axes to grind.
This is not a place for 'neurodiversity' vs 'curebie' battles to be fought out and ‘ad hominem’ arguments are especially not welcome

I want this to be a rational, and cool space where serious issues of ethics and research can be discussed. I am sure even my erstwhile opponents would concur that there are common matters regarding the conduct of research on which we can agree.

Above all let us have science by all means, but let that be science with a conscience.

Comments

Becky Jungbauer's picture
Hi Laurence - welcome to the site! You make a point that I've struggled with:


“autistic subjects and healthy controls” implying that we are 'diseased'

While I agree that using "healthy" implies that anything not considered healthy is by default not healthy, I'm not sure what other words we can use. If we say autistic and normal subjects, for example, then autistic subjects are by definition abnormal. I suppose we could just say "control," or "non-autistic" (in this instance), but sometimes the controls need to have a particular condition or disease. From your ethical autism research perspective, do you have any suggestions on how to address this?

Larry Arnold's picture
Hi Becky

I do not see why the wording, "autistic subjects and non autistic controls" would be problematic, indeed when I come to write up my own research I shall be dealing with two autistic groups and one group of non autistic controls. Of course any member of any one of the groups might be unhealthy, in the sense of having an organic or systemic disease at the time, even if that is a common cold which does not spare any group of research participants.

However I would not regard an autistic brain as an unhealthy one in the same way as one might consider a brain subject to a degenerative condition such as CJD. My current take on the science is that those neurological substrates that manifest in the behavioural appearance of autism, are the result of complex processes, which are in essence a different developmental trajectory rather than a "malfunction"

I would refer you to Dermot Bowler's excellent work "Autistic Spectrum Disorders, Psychological Theory and Research" Published by Wiley in 2007 for a good grounding in the competing theories behind autism.

Becky Jungbauer's picture
I do think in this instance autistic and non-autistic would be perfectly acceptable. I was thinking more about a trial, for example, in which a researcher wants to know how a pill works in patients with some sort of cardiovascular disease. If everyone enrolled in the trial has the disease, you can't say the control group is non-cardiovascular disease patients. Make sense? My problems come in those situations - I think "treatment" or "experimental" group versus control group works just fine among scientists, but when communicating with non-scientists I'm not sure that would work.

And I definitely don't see autism as being unhealthy in a degenerative way - it's an incredibly complex disease that really needs solid evidence-based research. I look forward to learning from you!

Larry Arnold's picture
In the case of cardio vascular disease, or any other organic disease or degeneration I would have no problem, my capacity for clear judgement, my membership of the human race is not challenged by the notion of organic disease, it is where anything impinges on cognitive processes where I have the problem, and therein I don't just make the case for autism because I also have a diagnosis of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, which I am not ashamed of. It is something that causes me real problems and intrusive thoughts are just that, intrustive thoughts, they may be irrational but it is what you might call the extreme manifestation of a basic human characteristic expressed by most of the population.

However I think for anyone to assert intentionally or otherwise that because I have this or that diagnosis that I have an "unhealthy" mind is counter productive and unhelpful, as these are just extreme manifestations of human variance, and to such an extent culturally determined as to where the border between "normal" and "abnormal" lies

I have been fortunate in my lifetime to have met John Nash the subject of "a beautiful mind"  to quote from the book "the ideas I had about supernatural beings came to me the same way that my mathematical ideas did. So I took them seriously."

Which ought to say something remarkable about the processes of human cognition. The fact of John Nashes paranoid episodes which were very distressing to him and all those around him, not to mention very unproductive, in no way diminish his status as a mathematician and a teacher.

The focus of this blog which I intend to go on to, regarding science and autism, is my belief that a lot more of the research funds should be spent on research that has a practical application in alleviating the lives of autistic people who are here and now.

That is avowedly the aim of an organisation in the Uk called "Research Autism" who like my own school get a lot less publicity for what they do than certain institutes I won't mention. This is of course getting perilously close to the realm of politics.


logicman's picture
Hi, Laurence, and welcome.
let us have science by all means, but let that be science with a conscience.

That is an ideal that I daily strive for.

I have read a lot of Steven Pinker's books and papers.  It is most unfortunate that he made the remark about autism in an unfocused moment.  I have gained many insights in linguistics and cognition from his writings.

I greatly dislike the use of the term 'normal' in science, because of its multiple pejorative associations in the public domain.  I would use a term something like the terms used for filters in engineering: mid-band, pass-band, side-band, etc.

I don't want to live my life in the midband.  I delight in not being just another average person.  I am not abnormal, I am a player in the sideband.  I have suffered from depression most of my life.  That is why I started studying the cognitive and behavioural sciences in my teens, as an adjunct to linguistics.

I look forward to reading what you have to say about autism, about the current stage of knowledge.  It is an  underfunded and under-researched area.

Blog long, and prosper!

Larry Arnold's picture
I would say in Pinker's defence too, that he was merely a victim of a prevailing theory in autism at the time he was writing his book, that is Simon Baron Cohen's Theory of Mind hypothesis, and unfortunately Baron Cohen's first aquaintance with the notion of Theory of Mind comes not from the philosophical speculations about consciousness and it's origins which you may be familiar with, but from Premack and Woodruffs work on Chimpanzees (or at least that is what he claimed when I questioned him about it during a conference a few years back)

Of course the cognitive research into autism has moved on and there are other speculations, with Theory of Mind as a meta-narrative very much losing ground as people like myself have been bearing witness to our own internal mind states and more recent research which has been eliminating the linguistic biases from the traditional experiments into Theory of Mind.

Kimberly Crandell's picture
Hi Laurence, and welcome to the site.

is my belief that a lot more of the research funds should be spent on research that has a practical application in alleviating the lives of autistic people who are here and now.


I'm encouraged by your perspective and focus. Like you, I agree there has been a lot of attention on autism, but most of it that hits the airwaves consists of finger-pointing and hand-wringing. Clearly, what "causes" autism is an area worthy of study - but I think just as important, and maybe more so, is what methods and approaches are successful in enabling people with autism (and their families) to recognize and regulate its impact.

I look forward to your future articles!

rholley's picture
Laurence,

I recently read Simon Baron-Cohen's The Essential Difference.  I wasn't taken with his theory of autism being a manifestation of the "extreme male brain", but may I ask what you think of his general theory as to the differences between men and women?  Namely, that men tend to be systematizers and women tend to be empathizers?

Larry Arnold's picture
I am not taken with it all, it seems to be his latest obsession, which he is pursuing ruthlessly with an utter disregard for what other people have to say about it. A very Aspergerish characteristic in my opinion. I have taken his tests, and yes I am a systematiser, but I take a somewhat different view as to the nature of empathy. One has to be very careful of building over inclusive theories from such things. I know his evidential base, as I have heard him present on this topic, but I would love to have the time to examine it more closely for flaws, as I instinctively feel he is wrong in the sense that anybody who feels as right as he does, must have overlooked something in the details because of a cognitive bias predisposing him to look more closely at what confirms a hypothesis than what discounts it. (Though we all do it)

Hi Laurence,
I'm thrilled with your empirical approach here but hope you don't mind an anecdotal reply. First a quote from autist Dave Spicer, "A deliberate hug is no less valid than a spontaneous hug." Jean's corollary: "Being asocial doesn't mean being impersonal." (Consider that manipulators are highly socially intuitive, but don't care a thing about persons.)
Let me tame my knee-jerk reaction to the notion of 'autistics as non-empathizers' with a bit from my Neurological Hegemony spiel. Someone at work claims to have a dreadful migraine. Nt worker's heart goes out to the sufferer with words of comfort. AS worker's stays right in her chest but she's read that people with migraines suffer excruciatingly from bright lights and talk so spends the afternoon refraining from bringing work to the person, and even tiptoeing because of noisy office ambience, etc. Nt worker has already had the empathic social exchange and therefore retains no knowledge of co-worker's migraine and therefore continues business as usual around that person regardless of their pain. Of course should co-worker grimace or give other non-verbal cues there may be a real time tiptoe from the nt.
Feeling appears to be a sometimes momentary (and to me often light-weight) sentiment for nts. I'd love to have a theoretical or research exploration of autistic 'feeling' because we are considered to be less 'feeling' which contributes to our feralization in the media. Perhaps we feel cognitively? Perhaps nts don't necessarily empathize but characteristically do sympathize?
See also my article, "Mommy Wyrdest," where I discuss sentimentally prescriptive model for mothering which autistics can't possibly achieve but may raise children successfully via a different approach. (It's in my book but I might be able to find the file for the original article if anyone wants ir--or you can buy a .pdf from authorhouse.com for @ $5) Sorry this is something of a ramble but thought I'd throw it into the conversation.
Gratefully,
jean
Ed. Women from Another Planet?

I think the reason for the reaction to autism is that when you say the word, everyone thinks of "that child/that person" that someone they know has, whose autism is either very extreme or poorly controlled.  The two I knew personally before last summer were both low-functioning.  They couldn't speak (they could, after years of training, use a communications board), they weren't toilet trained until mid teens (in spite of hard work by therapists and in one case by a group home), and so forth.  Other public and well-known examples are "The Rain Man."

Last year, I was teaching a summer camp and was told that one of the 10 year old students was autistic.  That (frankly) made me nervous, so I started reading everything I could and emailed his parents and discussed what we'd be doing and asked about his treatment program and what to look for and how to help him best.

Patrick was absolutely, hands-down, the BEST kid I had in summer camp!  Smart, willing to work, curious, and able to share what he knew with others.  I strongly disagree about "no emotional contact/no empathy" because there was a 5 year old in the camp who *seemed* to be undiagnosed and unmedicated ADHD (he couldn't actually hold a conversation or complete a sentence.)  Patrick understood that this kid was having difficulties, took him "under his wing" (when the rest of the kids wouldn't go near him and started to react to the poor little guy in a hostile manner), and worked as his lab partner for the full week.  And he hugged me goodbye each day and hugged me hello each morning.  What a kid!

I really loved having Patrick in the class, and he changed my whole outlook on what autism was and could be.   The next time I read that a kid in my classes has autism, I will not approach with fear, but with understanding and delighted anticipation.  Yeah, I realize they're not all like Patrick, but my encounter with him changed my whole attitude.

I should also add that his parents are very intelligent, very kind, very educated, and very well read.

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