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By Michael White | January 11th 2009 12:33 PM | 15 comments | Print | E-mail | Track Comments
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About Michael White

Welcome to Adaptive Complexity, where I write about genomics, systems biology, evolution, and the connection between science and literature, government, and society.

I'm a biochemist


... Full Bio

Can you tell why this passage comparing Darwin's finches and humans is wrong?

Many paths lay open when the finches first arrived, and the smallest flights and trials of their descendants were rewarded. That is why they have traveled in more directions than any other creatures on the islands, that is why they have evolved farther and faster than any other creatures: because they got here early.

Our own line is now radiating farther, faster, and in more directions than any other single species in the history of the planet - and for a similar reason. We are the first creatures to arrive in the strange territory we now occupy. We stumbled into our new niche before any other creatures on the planet. We discovered it.

You may recognize this from The Beak of the Finch (p. 300). Awards given for science writing don't always reflect how well the writing actually conveys the science. The Pulizter Prize-winning The Beak of the Finch frequently had me cringing, and the passage above is a one example of many where the author demonstrates a shaky grasp of an important concept that the book is supposed to convey.

So why is the passage wrong? It comes down to this: when you talk about radiation in the context of evolution, you're implying divergence. Darwin's finches (the main subject of the book) are a great example. One mainland finch species colonized the Galapagos and evolved into more than a dozen species to fill various specialized ecological niches. That's called adaptive radiation - one species diverges into many different species.

The passage above strongly implies that the same thing is happening with humans. Weiner first discusses the adaptive radiation of the finches, and then says that the human line "is now radiating farther, faster, and in more directions than any other single species in the history of the planet." In terms of evolution, that's simply not true. Because of the widespread mixing between human populations, the human gene pool well-stirred, probably more so than at any other time since humans first left Africa. We aren't radiating in any evolutionary sense, even though we're expanding to fill all sorts of environmental niches.

To compare our species' evolutionary trajectory to the radiation of Darwin's finches is simply wrong. What's even more frustrating is that Weiner made a much better human-finch comparison earlier in the book, when he gave the example of a single finch species occupying many different niches on one island, essentially a 'universalist' species. Finches of this species make their living in many different ways, but they remain a single species because so far there aren't any barriers that keep various subgroups from interbreeding. Weiner gets it right in one part of the book, only to get it wrong in another part.

There were multiple instances of this in the book, one passage contradicting an earlier one, and to me that's a sign of a very shaky grasp of the science. Unfortunately, this phenomenon is not uncommon in award-winning science writing. I think it's no accident that Richard Dawkins selected only pieces written by scientists for The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing - good science writing should consist of both good writing and good science.

Of course I'm not suggesting that scientists never get the science wrong when they write, nor am I suggesting that non-scientists can never write accurately about science. But, as Feynman pointed out, science requires fitting your creativity to the straightjacket of reality, and a non-scientist writing about an unfamiliar science topic has a lot of homework to do.

Comments

Thank you. I browsed through the book in Barnes and Noble and it did not give me a good feel, so i did not buy it, but I did not analyze what I did not like and I felt guilty ever since for not buying the book. Now I can sleep!

adaptivecomplexity's picture
The book does have some very positive aspects to it, so  I don't want to turn interested readers away. But I don't think anyone should feel guilty for not reading it.

In my own specialty, I can judge the good and bad sides of a book, but in other fields, I rather pass than get confused: sometimes it takes me decades to discover that I misunderstood a concept or that I have been misguided. As a simple example the belief that spinash is extremely rich in iron is still around; my parents made me eat tons of it, my kids ate it thanks to Popeye, many doctors still recommend it, and it goes back to a decimal error around 1870 (plus of course there is the small bioavailability to consider): who has the time to verify all that stuff? Things are much worse with complex issues of evolution or genetics.
Let us keep to good books; I am confused enough as it is. What about a list of your favorite science books? I am sure many of us would appreciate that. And what about a book by Michael White? (I have not find it if it is there)

adaptivecomplexity's picture
That's the problem with reading science: if you don't know the field, you may think you're acquiring deep insights, but you may be learning about someone's misunderstanding of a particular field.

Some good biology books I'd recommend: The Ancestor's Tale (Richard Dawkins),   The Eighth Day of Creation (Horace Freeland Judson), Microcosm (Carl Zimmer), Your Inner Fish (Neil Shubin), Only A Theory (Ken Miller),  Endless Forms Most Beautiful (Sean Carroll), Genome (Mark Ridely), The Plausibility of Life (Kirschner and Gerhart), and Before the Dawn (Nicolas Wade). I made a longer list of favorites in a previous post here.

I do a monthly informal book club here, on the Sunday closest to the 15th of the month. For January, I'm reading Louisa Gilder's The Age of Entanglement.

As for writing a book, I'd love to some day, once I have my own lab, some job stability, and an idea that's not boring.

Boring you are not, stability will come soon: I am betting on you.

Hank's picture
Yeast sex?   How can that be boring?    And that athletic gene testing nonsense is a book waiting to happen.   You are already more qualified than the person who will otherwise get famous writing it.

Are you sure he wasn't writing about aboriginal groups, which are both radiated and genetically isolated?

adaptivecomplexity's picture
There is not a single mention of aboriginal groups that I can recall in the book.  Plus, it's not accurate to compare the divergence between 13 finch species against the most diverged populations within a single human species. Even if Weiner were talking on the single species level, humans are genetically fairly homogeneous compared to many other species that have been sampled. 

Nicholas Horton's picture
So ... you're saying blondes and brunettes are NOT separate species? 

Hank's picture
We can put it in math guy terms.

Assumption: you are married to a blonde.

Definition:   speciation means the evolution of groups that can't interbreed.

Conditions:  

You are married to a blonde and cannot interbreed with brunettes.
You are married to a blonde and cannot interbreed with other blondes.

Conclusion: not only are brunettes and blondes different species, you and your wife are a separate species all your own.

Sure, Bertrand Russell could find flaws in this - heck, he could probably prove I am the Pope using these same data points - but this makes perfect sense to me.

rholley's picture
Bertrand Russell could work wonders with logic.  He was a strong atheist/agnostic but still managed to convince himself that he was God's Gift to Women!


Hank's picture
Bertrand Russell could work wonders with logic. He was a strong atheist/agnostic but still managed to convince himself that he was God's Gift to Women!

Not just him.  I imagine Russell dating logic has been used by many men.  Witness my falling back on his awesome power when my future wife initially told me she would only date me if 2+2 suddenly equalled 5.   My response:   "If 2 plus 2 is 5, then 4 is 5; if 4 is 5, then (subtracting three from each side) 1 is 2; you and I are two, therefore you and I  are one."

Luckily she didn't instead say something like "I will date you when monkeys fly out of your butt."   Russell couldn't have helped there.

jtwitten's picture
2+2 does equal 5, for large values of 2

I always thought it meant you may have sex with all blondes and brunettes but you are unable to have children with them. My mistake.

Nicholas Horton's picture
I fully believe that my girlfriend and I are separate species.

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