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By Michael White | April 29th 2009 09:24 PM | 13 comments | Print | E-mail | Track Comments
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About Michael White

Welcome to Adaptive Complexity, where I write about genomics, systems biology, evolution, and the connection between science and literature, government, and society.

I'm a biochemist


... Full Bio

This topic isn't new, but it's worth revisiting (h/t to Bioephemera) - over at Physicsworld read about science's need for "black swan" scientists:
If the path to discovery is full of surprises, and if most of the gains come in just a handful of rare but exceptional events, then even judging whether a research programme is well conceived is deeply problematic...

This raises an important question: does today’s scientific culture respect this reality? Are we doing our best to let the most important and most disruptive discoveries emerge? Or are we becoming too conservative and constrained by social pressure and the demands of rapid and easily measured returns? The latter possibility, it seems, is of growing concern to many scientists, who suggest that modern science is in danger of losing its creativity unless we can find a systematic way to build a more risk-embracing culture.

In the short run, what the mavericks do will almost always seem less successful, perhaps even like wasting their time, and it is easy to think that this is the kind of research we should not pursue, even if this is actually very much mistaken.

That's what I like to tell myself when I'm wasting my time...

Joking aside, this is a real issue. And it's not just the attitudes of the establishment - part of the problem, I believe, is how students are trained. Generally, for 6 years of grad school and 3, 4, or more years as a post-doc, most young scientists are working on a project conceived by someone else, by the professor who secured the funding. As a result, students rarely learn to work independently and take risks, unless they have an exceptional mentor (yes, they do exist) who can manage to maintain lab financial security and give students freedom to take risks.


Too many students come in and are trained by working for a very long time on someone else's work; it's no wonder that we have a culture that looks down on risk-taking.


Comments

Alternate Allele's picture
Definitely; principle investigators that have more money are able to fund more obscure risky projects...  There's more money to fund people for longer periods of time, meaning they can take more risks and afford to fail.  Part of science is taking risks, they're important; when you perform a procedure for the first time you don't always know what the answer is going to be and that's how you discover something new.  The hard reality though is that the majority of the time in science you don't get significant results regardless of effort and money spent... hence the risk you take.

As for student training... before you're hired or taken on as a graduate student the head lab dude typically already has a project in mind.  Your chances to be creative/risky is when you're given the freedom to develop your own novel approaches.  Although you might get the oppotunity to pick your own apporaches, you still have to pitch those ideas to the principle investigator for approval since it's his money that is going to pay for everything (it's worth mentioning the stress associated with staying within a budget and coming up with novel ideas to get results quickly; so really you're inclined to take less risks).  Overall, you don't get to have complete control over your projects (unless you run the joint).

adaptivecomplexity's picture
Overall, you don't get to have complete control over your projects (unless you run the joint).

Which is fine when you're starting out. My worry is that the training period is so long, especially with the extended postdoc periods now typical in biomedical research, that frequently you end up doing science for 10 years or more on someone else's project before you're completely free to come up with your own questions.

Hank's picture
My talk at Cal Tech wasn't filmed so I will write it up instead but one of the data items I noted, in the context of doing your own 'promotion', is that even 'early stage investigator' grants are 10 years after a PhD and the average age for a first R01 is now up to 42.  At this rate by 2020 there will be more NIH grants for researchers over 68 than there will be for people under 38.   

Long training period, indeed.

adaptivecomplexity's picture
It's a serious issue, and still, you get senior guys griping about Zerhouni's  'affirmative action' quotas for younger investigators.  What these aging gripers don't seem to understand is that the problem isn't the inability of younger scientists to do top-rate science; it's the fact that the review system is rigged to favor people with the longest track records, who already have active labs that can generate a lot of preliminary data (i.e., who have done half the project already to show that it's 'feasible').

Steve Davis's picture
Listen up you lot! I saw some black swans on the way to work a few days ago and I can assure you they are not in danger of extinction!

adaptivecomplexity's picture
But did they have grant funding?

Steve Davis's picture
No, but they were deep in discussion with a jabiru, a brolga, an echidna, two wallabies and a kangaroo, all seen often on this stretch of road. Are you jealous yet?

Gerhard Adam's picture

As with everything else, it appears that the crux of the problem is economic.  However, there are numerous other elements to this, that it seems that the scientific aspect of this is almost too narrow of a view.

In the first place, we have a society that has become overly litigous, which is directly related to the fact that the current social view is that there must always be someone to blame for everything that happens.  As a result, we see corporations adopting this view when it comes to setting policies, and for making the difficult business decisions necessary to be successful.  There are few companies today that would willingly take some losses or risk, to establish themselves for a more secure future, since this would bring the howls of derision from investors and, no doubt, heads would roll.

Similarly we see government budgets and spending completely out of control with a never-ending stream of demands.  Despite the desire to trim back government, the reality is that it would be disastrous for the majority of companies that currently hold huge government contracts.

Add to this the need for funding (public or private) for scientific research and the results are no different.  Just as students/teachers are expected to quantify their progress, so is every corporate/government project expect to quantify (and justify) it's existence.

While there is certainly a need for accountability, the problem, is that the people holding the purse-strings are invariably those that understand the least of what needs to be done and tend to be risk-averse.

The biggest problem in all of this, is that everyone seems to be discovering that the economic model that we've patterned our society on doesn't actually exist.  In addition, it turns out that nobody actually knows how it's supposed to work and we've managed after numerous decades to build a society that we can't afford to maintain.  There is no job security and the labor markets are forcing competition with third-world providers.  It also appears that the only way anything can occur is if more and more money is taken from people that must work to fund the pet projects of those in government.

I agree that it is a serious problem, but in my view, it extends far beyond the funding issues of the scientific community.   It is also important to distinguish between risk-taking and simply being irresponsible.  Not every scientist is doing important work, and arguably many of them shouldn't be trusted in a 10th grade chemistry lab, let alone running their own projects.


However, in the end, it comes down to a major change being required in our society so that we determine the degree and extent of the wealth-distribution policies of our government, so that it isn't simply a one-way slide to enrich those that already hold too much influence.



adaptivecomplexity's picture
It is also important to distinguish between risk-taking and simply being irresponsible.  Not every scientist is doing important work, and arguably many of them shouldn't be trusted in a 10th grade chemistry lab, let alone running their own projects.

I think the term 'risk-taking' is being used in a different sense when scientists bring up this issue. We're not talking about risking anyone's physical safety (that is, we're not talking about risky human subjects research or virus research), nor are we risking a lot of money (big science projects, like the human genome sequencing project, are generally not projects with a high probability of failure), or even risky science with worrisome ethical problems (like trying to clone a Neanderthal).
It's about making sure that the scientific community nurtures a variety of view points, including creative individuals who don't follow the latest trends, who have outlandish (but not crank) ideas that seem wrong to most people, but., if they're right, would offer a huge payoff.

In other words, we're talking about risks where the worst consequences are that universities and funding agencies fund some individuals who end up having wrong ideas. The cost of supporting a few of these risk-takers is low, and the payoff is potentially high.



Gerhard Adam's picture
I understand what you're saying, but my point remains, since the nature of risk is the same (even for scientists).  There is absolutely no question that some ideas will fail, and they should be given the opportunity to do so, because they were worthwhile points to explore in the first place.  This is the same function that risk-taking performs in business or anywhere else.

The problem is that one person's risk is another person's "crank" is another person's oppressed hero.  Just look at the debate surrounding cold fusion and you'll see exactly what I mean. 

I would argue that some of the repression of ideas comes from the very same scientists who are competing for a finite amount of funding.  If one project can be discredited, then that potentially leaves more for someone else's research.  I have no doubt that such politics occurs. 

What I was trying to say originally is that we have a risk-averse society precisely because every element within it is being forced into some arbitrary standard of accountablity and/or blame.  Therefore it would be quite unusual for the scientific community to be immune from this.


Hank's picture
There's no doubt academics are human, too.   The special pool of money allocated to early stage researchers will be offset by lower scores from reviewers who resent the intrusion of quotas - and both sides are right, the goal not being fairness but excellence but it's hard to be excellent if your competition is at Johns Hopkins with their billion dollars per year in NIH funding promoting that work.

I will say it again, though some modern academics disagree, perhaps because they are politically convinced rather than historically; more 'risky', basic research got done when the private sector did the majority of funding rather than governments.   The notion that the private sector only cares/cared about applied research is a myth.

adaptivecomplexity's picture
There's is a distinction here - private funding vs. actual in-house corporate research. There was never a time in the 20th century when most high-risk basic research was done in corporate labs (with a few exceptions in some fields, but not biology or fundamental physics). Academics funded by private institutions have certainly achieved a lot, but most of that private funding came not from corporations but from private institutions set up to disburse funds to researcher, like Rockefeller and HHMI.


adaptivecomplexity's picture
The problem is that one person's risk is another person's "crank" is another person's oppressed hero.  Just look at the debate surrounding cold fusion and you'll see exactly what I mean. 

I don't think that's generally true.  Pons and Fleishman kind of ruined the cold fusion thing for a lot of people; I think cold fusion is an abnormal example. 
People with real (and current) scientific credentials aren't generally put in the same category as cranks by their scientific peers. Michael Behe, the guys who peddle perpetual motion machines, and Fred Hoyle in his later career are considered cranks. Most people who pursue high-risk research seen as unlikely to succeed are viewed with skepticism, but they're not cranks.


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